The week's pick
Reseach Article
An Estimation of Electromagnetic Field Exposure from Cellular Mobile Base Station Towers in Densely Populated Residential Areas
| Communications on Applied Electronics |
| Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA |
| Volume 4 - Number 3 |
| Year of Publication: 2016 |
| Authors: Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan |
10.5120/cae2016652039
|
Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan . An Estimation of Electromagnetic Field Exposure from Cellular Mobile Base Station Towers in Densely Populated Residential Areas. Communications on Applied Electronics. 4, 3 ( January 2016), 5-9. DOI=10.5120/cae2016652039
Abstract
To increase the coverage area there is tremendous growth in cellular antenna installations on mobile towers, this increases the electromagnetic field exposure in nearby areas. This work presents measurements taken near the cellular mobile towers which are situated in densely populated urban areas in India. Measurements were conducted at distances ranging from 10m to 150m at height 1.5m and it is along the radiating direction of the antenna using a 3 axis field strength meter KM 195 to obtain power densities and electric field intensities. It was observed that most of the cellular base station antenna sites following the Indian guidelines for cellular phone radiation measurements. The average power density noted is 3479.65 μW/m2. A total 80 % of the power densities increase beyond 500 μW/m2. The amplitude of electromagnetic field exposure (EMF) depends on distance, height of base station tower, number of antennas on base station tower and direction. In densely populated residential areas the line of site distance available was up to 100m and thereafter non line of site distance exists. It is observed that line of site power density was greater than non line of site power density. The results shows that, especially in some places near the cellular base stations the power densities were more and at some other places densities were too low, it is found that there was drastic change in power density and electric field intensity everyday and by measuring the general electromagnetic field exposure one can provide this data to the agencies who were control the electromagnetic field exposure and minimize the undesirable health effects.
References
- International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 74, 494–522 (1998).
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Report IEEE C95.1-1991 (Piscataway, NJ) (1992).
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Coordinating Committee 28. Non-ionizing radiation hazards: standard for safe levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. (ANSI/IEEE, 1999) (IEEE, NY) (1992).
- International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health issues related to the use of hand-held radiotelephones and base transmitters. Health Phys. 70, 587–593 (1996).
- National Radiation Protection Board. Board statement on restrictions on human exposure to static and time varying electromagnetic fields. NRPB Report 4(5) (Chilton, UK: NRPB) (1993).
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Biological effects and exposure criteria for radio frequency electromagnetic fields. NCRP Report 86 (Bethesda, MD: NCRP) (1986).
- CENELEC standard EN 50383, “Basic standard for calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunications system” (110 MHz – 40 GHz), CENELEC standard EN 50383, 2002.
- RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARD “Maximum Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields — 3 kHz to 300 GHz” Radiation Protection Series Publication No. 3 ARPANSA.
- Federal Communication Committee. Radio Frequency Safety OET-RF Safety FAQ’s. Available at http://ftp.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-faqs.html
- Cooper, J., Marx, B., Buhl, J. and Hombach, V. Determination of safety distance limits for a human near a cellular base station antenna, adopting the IEEE standard or ICNIRP guidelines. Biolelectromangetics 23, 429–443 (2002).
- Byung Chan Kim, Jae-Hoon Yun, and Seong-Ook Park,Member, IEEE “Uncertainty Estimation for Evaluating Human Exposure Levels to RF Electromagnetic Fields from Cellular Base Stations” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 2012.
- Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S. and Piuzzi, E. Exposure to radio base-station antennas in urban environment.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 48(11) (2000).
- Mann, S. M., Cooper, T. G., Allen, S. G., Blackwell, R. P. and Lowe, A. J. Exposure to radio waves near mobile phone base stations. NRPB Report 321 (Didcot: National Radiological Protection Board) (2000).
- Mohd Yusof Mohd Ali, Rozaimah Abd Rahim,Mohd Anuar Abd Majid and Mohd Amirul Nizam. Radiofrequency and microwave radiation safety assessment of mobile telephone base stations in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Non-ionizing Radiation. 20–22 October 2003, (Kuala Lumpur: UNITEN) (2003).
- Mobile phones and their transmitter base stations. The evidence for health hazards. A local Government and Community Resources Document. EMF acts Information Service pp. 240 (1996).
- Santini, R., Santini, P., Danze, J. M., Ruz, P. L. and Seigne, M. Study of the health of people living in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations: I. Influences of distance and sex. Pathol. Biol. 50, 369–373 (2002).
- Nararro, E. A., Segura, J., Gomez-Perretta, C., Portoles, M., Maestu, C. and Bardasano, J. L. Exposure from cellular phone base stations: a first approach. In: Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Biological Effects of EMFs, Rhode, Greece: University of Ioannina, 7–11 October (2002).
- Hutter, H.-P., Moshammer, H. and Kundi, M. Mobile telephone base stations: effects on health and wellbeing. In: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Biological Effects of EMFs, Rhode, Greece: University of Ioannina, 7–11 October (2002).
- Lai, H. Neurological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Workshop on Possible Biological and Health Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields: Mobile Phones and Health Symposium, University of Vienna, Austria, 25–28 October (1998).
- Amar Renke, Mahesh Chavan A Review on RF Field Exposure from Cellular Base Stations international Journal of Computer Applications Vol. 104 Issue 12, 2014 pp 09-16.
Index Terms
Keywords